Eligibility criteria

Participants were allocated to intervention arm based on inclusion criteria described in the trial registration record (NCT05678426).

Inclusion criteria

  1. Women aged 30 to 60
  2. Motivated to change their lifestyle
  3. Intermittent fasting: BMI between 25 and 35
  4. Smoking cessation: ≥ 10 cigarettes per day for at least the last five years

Should 3 and 4 apply, the participant will be allocated to the smoking cessation group.

Exclusion criteria

  1. Relevant underlying conditions

  • a) Current or previous malignant tumour or cancer

  • b) Current or previous significant cardiovascular disorder

  • c) Women with elevated blood pressure are allowed to participate as long as it is well controlled under their current medication

  • d) Current or previous metabolic disorder (e.g., diabetes type I or II): In the dietary intervention arm, participants with current hypothyroidism/Morbus Hashimoto will be excluded as the switch to intermittent fasting may require a adjustment of their medication

  • e) Current or previous psychiatric disorder (e.g., eating disorder, depression)

  1. Current pregnancy or lactation period
  2. Total hysterectomy
  3. Known current or previous premalignant lesion of the cervix uteri (CIN2/3)
  4. Concurrent participation in another interventional trial

Participants for whom inclusion criteria 1b, c, d, 2, 3, and 5 occur after inclusion in the study will be excluded from the study.